NOTES

 Introduction

 1. Nely Camargo and Virgílio B.Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil, p.41.

2. Wayne A. Selcher, The National Security Doctrine and Policies of the Brazilian Government, p.24.

Chapter 1

 1. Muniz Sodré, O Monopólio da Fala, p.9.

2. Nely Camargo and Virgiho B.Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil, p.41.

3. "Salute: A Globo Levou o Troféu dos Americanos," Isto É, 14 March 1979, p.94.

4. "Reações à Lei: O Novo Código de Menores Provoca um Debate," Veja, 28 November 1979, p.129.

5. "The Globo Television Network Shows," in Brazil: Country, People, Television,a promotional booklet produced by TV Globo Network and distributed when it received the "Salute" trophy in New York, March 1979.

6. "Vinte Anos de Televisão," Veja, 23 Septem 1970, p.61. It should be noted that the first Latin American television was Mexico City's XH-TV, which began broadcasting on 31 August 1950.

7. Ibid, p.61.

8. Ibid., p.63.

9. Sodré, O Monopólio, p.95.

10. "Global Report: New Development and the Outlook for Television, as Reported on the Scene from Major Areas of the World," Television Age,19 Ju1~ 1965, P.31.

11. Gerald Thomas, "Closely Watched TV," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8, no.4(July-August 1979):43.

12. Sodré, O Monopólio, p.95.

13. Veja, nº 107 (23 September 1970)p. 63

14. Gabriel Cohn, "Mudar Os Conteúdos Não É Decisivo," Receita Brasil (1978),p.188.

15. "Global Report," 31 January 1966, P.30.

16. Jeremy Tunstall, The Media Are American, 1977 p.182. He further states that "Chateaubriand group disintegrated with the death of its founder and another media group, Globo, had by the early 1970's achieved an even dominant position in the Brazilian media" (p. 182).

17. Thomas, "Closely Watched TV," p.43.

18. João Rodolfo do Prado, TV: Quem Vê Quem, p.127

19. Television Age, 31 January 1966, p.30.

20. Prado, TV, p.121

21. Ibid.,p.ll5.

22. Tunstall, The Media, p.182.

23. Thomas, "Closely Watched TV," p. 44.

24. Mario de Moraes and Ronaldo Moraes, "João Calmon denuncia: TV Globo na etapa do açúcar, O Cruzeiro, 29 April 1967, p. 80.

25. Antônio F.Costella, O Controle da Informação no no Brasil,p.138.

26. Television Age, 19 July 1965,p.32.

27. "The Globo Network," in Brazil: Country, People, Television. According to that publication "Globo Network owns 2,000 square kilometers of privately constructed microwave interlace. This ranks Brazil second only to the United States among countries with the most extensive microwave systems in the world."

28. Sodré, O Monopólio, p.l00.

29. "Global mesmo: A Network of Brazil Sai Pelo Mundo," Veja, 14 February 1979, p. 65.

30. Prado, TV, p.211. See also Veja, 14 February 1979,Pp.65-66; Brazil: Country,People,Tele-vision,1979; and The Miami Herald, 2 August 1981.

31. "Television Serials," in Brazil:Country, People, Television. It should be noted that during its development, Brazilian television could not depend on a film industry, as American television could. However, since 1960 a genre, which is neither film nor theater, has been developed by Brazilian producers, namely, the "Telenovela" (soap opera), which is produced nationally and which maintains high audience ratings. The television critic of the Brazilian weekly newsmagazine Veja, as quoted in Globo's booklet, says that "Gbbo did not invent the 'telenovela.' From its studios, however, came the decisive contribution towards making it a cinematographic genre of near-Hollywood proportions, though typically Brazilian in treatment, theme, style, and its extremely heavy production schedules. Globo's four current television serials considered as a whole are the equivalent of a full-length feature film per night."

32. Brasil em dados-75, p.189.

33. Guy Gugliotta, "Brazil Moves into TV Age with Astounding Success," The Miami Herald, 2 August 1981.

 Chapter 2

 1. Wayne A. Selcher, The National Security Doctrine and Policies of the Brazilian Government, 1977, Pp. 2-3.

2. Thomas E. Weil et al., Area Handbook for Brazil,1975,p. 248.

3. Ibid.,pgs 249 and 393.

4. Ibid.,p.250.

5. Maurício Dias, "Aquela que Tomou o Poder," Isto É no. 16 (14 March 1979),pp.54-55. In addition, Dias explains that the Escola Superior de Guerra is located in Fort São João, in Rio de Janeiro, and occupies five buildings, in which there are three auditoriums, twenty study rooms and one specialized library with approximately 20,000 books.

6. Selcher, National Security Doctrine, p.3.

7. Gordon Campbell, Brazil Struggles for Development, l972 , Pp. 80-81.

8. Enjolras José de Castro Camargo, Estudo de Problemas Brazileiros, p.47. See also Selcher, National Security Doctrine, 1977,p.8.

9. Campbell, Brazil, p.84.

10. Castro Camargo, Estudo, Pp.53-54.

11. Selcher, National Security Doctrine, 9

12. Barry Ames, Rhetoric and Reality in a Militarized Regime: Brazil Since 1964,p.8.

13. Campbell, Brazil, p.83.

14. Ibid., p.86. José Odelso Schneider, et al., Realidade Brasileira, p. 230.

15. Selcher, National Security Doctrine, 1977, p.12.

16. Schneider, Realidade Brasileira, pp.231-232.

17. Selcher, National Security Doctrine, p.15.

18. Ibid. ,p.17.

19. Castro Camargo, Estudo, p.236.

20. Selcher, National Security Doctrine,p. 7, says that "the phrase 'Security and Development,’ the modern equivalent of the national flag's motto of 'Order and Progress,' has become the watchword and legitimizer of military rule extending into the indefinite future."

22. Campbell, Brazil, p.116. In addition Campbell states on page 117 that "after the football triumph, they brought out the slogans and the sticker labels, from the President's 'No one can stop this country' (Ninguém segura este país) to 'Brazil, love it or leave it!,' 'Brazil, I'm staying!,’ and 'Brazil, count me! "

 Chapter 3

 1. Nely Camargo, and Virgílio B.Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil, p.65.

2. Wayne A.Selcher, The National Security Doctrine and Policies of the Brazilian Government,P.17, gives some examples of censorship in Brazil

Censorship... has been used to discourage both press sensationalism and full public knowledge or debate about topics such as the 1974-76 meningitis epidemic, frequent high clerical criticisms of the government, rumored political openings, torture of political prisoners, financial scandals, expulsion of urban squatters or peasants from land, terrorist and guerrilla activity, and presidential succession, all in the name of national security.

3. Gerald Thomas, "Closely Watched TV,"Pp.43-46.

4. Camargo, Communication Policies, p.62.

5. Antônio F.Costella, O Controle da Informação, p.125.

6. Mauro Almeida, A Comunicação de Massa noBrasil , p.43. On the same page Almeida says that the first Brazilian radio station was established on 6 April 1919, the "Ra~dio Clube de Pernambuco," in Recife. However, other historians do not consider that station as the first in Brazil because it was primarily a telegraphic system, transmitting and receiving messages through Morse Code

7. Camargo, Communication Policies, pp.24-25.

It should be noted that the national Council of Telecommunications (Contel) was disbanded in 1972 by Decree no.70,583. However, after four years, Contel was recreated by Decree-Law no.78,921, of 7 December 1976.

8. Ibid.,in footnote,p.24.

9. Selcher, National Security Doctrine, p . 21

10. Elihu Katz, and George Wedell, Broadcasting in the Third World,1977, p.45.

11. Gordon Campbell, Brazil Struggles for Development, p.59.

12. Costella, O Controle, p.138.

13. "Globo Organization," in Brazil: Country, People, Television, 1979.

14. According to Mauro Almeida, the Excelsior group had two television stations(Channel 2 in Rio and channel 9 in São Paulo) which had been licensed for more than ten years before their licenses were cancelled by Dentel( A Comunicação, l971, p.58).

15. Camargo, Communication Policies, p. 25.

16. Código Brasileiro de Telecomunicações. See also Decree-law no.236, of 28 February 1967.

17. Decree-law no.236, 28 February 1967.

18. Katz and Wedell, Broadcasting, p.75.

19. Camargo, Communication Policies, p.29

20. Roberto Amaral Vieira, "O Papel do Rádio e da Tevê na Formação da Cultura Brasileira ou da Macrocefália à Atomização," ABEPEC, no. 4 (June 1978) pp.34-47.

21. The building to house the Ministry of Communications was begun only in May 1973, in Brasília. Its first minister was Carlos Simas. The Ministry of Communications was established by Decree-law no.200, of 25 February 1967.

22. Katz and Wedell, Broadcasting, p.75.

23. Herbert I.Schiller, Mass Communication and American Empire, p.33.

24. Camargo, Communication Policies, p.28. See also, J.de Nazaré T. Dias, A Reforma Administrativa de 1967, p.128; and Brazil para estudantes, special supplement to Veja, no.447(30 March 1977),p.8.

25. Euclides Quandt de Oliveira, Política de Comunicações, Pp.9-12, and 57.

26. Enjolras José de Castro Camargo, Estudo de Problemas Brasileiros, p.241.

27. Ibid. ,pp.242-259.

28. "A Comunicação entre as pessoas, agora é mais fácil," Brasil Para Estudantes, a special supplement of Veja,no.447(30 March 1977),p.10.

29. Embratel, Relatório da Diretoria, January 1977,p. 34.

30. Camargo, Communication Policies,Pp.28-29.

31. Embratel, Relatório, 1977,p.14.

32. Coriolano de Loiola Cabral Fagundes, Censura e Liberdade de Expressão, Pp.156-163. See also, Código Brasileiro de Telecomunicações.

33. Ernesto Geisel, Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional, 1976, p.100.

34. Geisel, Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional,1977, Pp.143-144.

35. The Jornal do Brasil, in its so-called supplement B, on 29 April 1977, stated that Radio-bra~s was creating special programs in order to be broadcast toward African and Latin American countries. The Jornal do Brasil also says that in 1977 Brazil was making directional transmissions in three languages: Portuguese, English, and German, through the powerful 250 KW transmitters of the Rádio Nacional de Brasilia, one of the stations of Radiobrás.

36.Katz and Wedell, Broadcasting, p.76.

37. World Communication: A 200 Country Survey of Press, Radio, Television, and Film, Pp.223-224.

Chapter 4

1. Emílio Garrastazu Médici, an army general, was the third president of the Revolutionary Movement. During his term in office, strong censorship was exercised and Institutional Act no.5 was passed, which provided the executive with unlimited powers of repression and was intensively used. The so-called Brazilian Economic Miracle,which contributed to the improvement of television, occurred during Médici's administration. Economic influences on the development of Brazilian television are discussed in Chapter 5.

2. Vigílio B.Noya Pinto, "Historical Development of Mass Communication in Brazil," in Communication Policies in Brazil,1975, p.17

3. Leslie Bethell, "Brazil: The Last 15 Years," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8,no.4(July-August 1979)pp.37. Discussing the political system, Bethell says that the Brazilian political system has always been to a greater or lesser extent closed. Notwithstanding the liberal democratic ideology which has found expression in successive constitutions since Brazil's independence from Portugal --1824, 1891, 1934, 1946-- and despite the gradual extension of the franchise during the Empire(1⁸²²-89), the Old Republic(1889-¹⁹³⁰), the period after the Revolution of 1930 and, above all, in the post-war period, the vast majority of Brazilians have been political subjects rather than active effective participants in national political life. Brazilian political culture,...is in fact deeply authoritarian, or at best paternalistic. The state even in the nineteenth century, but particularly since 1930, has been remote from civil society and highly bureaucratic. The dominant class, even while it has been transformed and somewhat broadened during recent decades of rapid economic and social change, has proved highly skilled at maintaining effective social and political control of the great mass of the Brazilian population(Pp.3-7 ).

4. Ibid.,1979,p.5

5. José Odelso Schneider, et al., RealidadeBrasileira, p.246.

6. Instituto de Planejamento Econômico e Social (IPEA), Brasil: 14 Anos de Revolução 1978,p.ll.

7. Ibid.,p.ll.

8. José Marques de Melo, Comunicação, Opinião, Desenvolvimento, p.37.

9. João Rodolfo do Prado, TV: Quem Vê Quem , Pp.139-140.

10. Thomas E.Weil et al., Area Handbook for Brazil,p. 265.

11. Melo, Comunicação, p.38.

12. Prado, TV , p.224.

13. Nely Camargo, and Virgílio B.Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil, p.31.

14. Ibid.,p.31.

15. Elihu Katz, and George Wedell, Broadcasting in the Third World: Promise and Performance,p.34.

16. Euclides Quandt de Oliveira, minister of communications, Brazil, addressing the Fourth Centerwestern Congress of Broadcast on 18 May 1977,as reported in Jornal do Brasil, 20 May 1977.

17. Clovis Moura, "Climate of Terror," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8,no.4(July-August 1979),p.10.

18. Gerald Thomas, "Closely Watched TV," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8,no.4(July-August 1979)  p.45.

19. Ibid.,p.45.

Chapter 5

l. Muniz Sodré, O Monopólio da Fala,p.86.

2. John P. Dickenson, Brazil: Studies in Industrial Geography, pp.8-11.

3. Muniz Sodré, A Comunicacão do Grotesco, p.24

4. Gordon Campbell, Brazil Struggles for Development,p.16.

5. Nely Camargo, and Virgílio B.Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil,p.20.

6. Ibid.,p.41.

7. Campbell, Brazil, p.114.

8. Ibid.,p.85.

9.Thomas Pompeu de Souza Brasil Netto, Analysis of the Brazilian Economic Development,1973.

10. Campbell, Brazil, p.69.

11. The first multinational corporations(such as Ford, Armour, IBM, Firestone, and others) were established in Brazil before 1939. After 1964, multinational corporations practically controlled the engineering, electrical, vehicle, and pharmaceutical industries in Brazil. See details in Dickenson Brazil: Studies in Industrial Geography, 1978.

12. Alan Wells, Picture: Tube Imperialism? The Impact of U.S. Television on Latin America,  p.132.

13. Campbell, Brazil, p.110.

14. Joan R.Dassin, "Press Censorship: How and why," Index on Censorship: Brazil,8, no.4(July- August 1979)p.17.

15. Albert Fishlow, "Some Reflections on Post-1964 Brazilian Economic Policy," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed.Alfred Stepan, p.69. It should be noted that in the same book, in his article entitled "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," Alfred Stepan says that "since 1969, every ministry has had an SNI (National Information Service) representative, responsible for ensuring that all policy decisions of the ministry give full considerations to national security issues"(Pp.58-59).

16. Leslie Bethell, "Brazil: The Last 15 Years," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8, no.4(July-August 1979),p.4.

17. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, "Associated--Dependent Development: Theoretical and Practical Implications," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed.Alfred Stepan, p.144.

18, World Advertising Expenditure,1978. It should be noted that the ten countries that spent over one billion dollars in advertising in 1976 were Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan,the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany.

19. Camargo, Communication Policies, p.20.

20. World Bank, World Development Report,1979.

21. Sodré, O Monopólio, p.9l.

22. Emílio Garrastazu Médici, Mensagem ao Congresso Nacional, 1974,p.174.

23. Brazil's present day income distribution is better than before the 1964 revolution. However, Wayne A.Selcher says that "the 1970 census showed income more unevenly distributed by class than in 1960. Brazil's present income distribution can be likened to a small Sweden or Belgium inside a giant Indonesia; according to one characterization, about 5 million live at average European levels, about 15 million live at the standard of rich underdeveloped countries, and over 80 million live at a standard of living which is among Latin America's lowest"(The National Security Doctrine and Policies of the Brazilian Government,1977,p.13).

Chapter 6

1. Gordon Campbell, Brazil Struggles for Development, p. 83.

2. Elihu Katz, and George Wedell, Broadcasting in the Third World, p.75.

3. Nely Camargo, and Virgílio B. Noya Pinto, Communication Policies in Brazil, P.31.

4. See details about the utilization of mass media communication to promote national development in Wilbur Schramm, Mass Media and National Development,1973; and Everett M.Rogers, and F.Floyd Shoemaker, Communication of Innovations,l97l.

5. João Rodolfo do Prado, TV: Quem Vê Quem, p.223.

6. See details in Everett M.Rogers,ed., Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives, 1976.

7. Gerald Thomas, "Closely Watched TV," Index on Censorship: Brazil, 8,no.4(July-August 1979) p.46.

8. Camargo, Communication Policies, p.65.

9. Herbert I.Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire, 1971,Pp.79-80.

10. "Além das Fronteiras," Veja, 10 January 1979,p.48.

11. Ibid.,p.48.

12. Ibid.,pp.48-50.

PREFACE / INTRODUCTION / 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRAZILIAN TELEVISION / 2. THE IMPACT OF THE MILITARY REGIME ON TELEVISION / 3. THE INFLUENCE OF COMMUNICATION LAWS AND REGULATORY AGENCIES ON THE GROWTH OF TELEVISION / 4. POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION / 5. SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION / 6.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS / 7. NOTES / 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY / 9. ABOUT THE AUTHOR